High Fiber diet and regulation of oncogenes Research Paper

High Fiber diet and regulation of oncogenes - Research Paper Example Statistics reflecting the estimated cases of cancer and deaths caused by cancer in the United States have also been taken into account, so as to further strengthen the relevance of the topic. Oncogenes are proto-oncogenes turned bad -- genes that have undergone mutations (American Cancer Society, 2011); mutations are changes in the makeup of a gene’s building blocks, DNA (American Cancer Society, 2011). According to the theory of gene mutation, carcinogen interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid leads to irrevocable genetic changes (Devi, 2005, p. 18). Even a minute alteration in the arrangement of these building blocks can create a strong negative impact (American Cancer Society, 2011). Normally, proto-oncogenes are responsible for the encoding of proteins, which promote cell division and impede cell differentiation (Chial, 2008). On the other hand, these mutated proto-oncogenes â€Å"typically exhibit increased production of these proteins, thus leading to increased cell division, decreased cell differentiation, and inhibition of cell death† (Chial, 2008). The aforementioned process leads to cancer (Chial, 2008); hence, there is a need to regulate these onc ogenes. A â€Å"diet high in fiber† is made known to have a considerable impact in the shrinking of predisposition to â€Å"colorectal cancer† (Doheny, 2011). Doll and Peto were the first to highlight the existence of a link between diet composition and cancer -- an example of which is high-fiber diet and its effectivity in chemoprevention (as cited in Devi, 2005, p. 21). Carcinogenesis begins with initiation as normal genes are exposed to carcinogens (Devi, 2005, p. 16). After which, promotion follows -- a stage wherein the gene is repeatedly exposed to stimuli (Devi, 2005, p. 17). Thereafter, progression occurs; this is the proliferation of the mutated gene (Devi, 2005, p. 17). Devi

Developmental Apraxia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments Essay Example for Free

Developmental Apraxia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments Essay Apraxia of speech is a neurological condition in which a person finds it impossible to move their mouth or tongue to speak (Apraxia, 2005). There are two main types of apraxia; they are acquired apraxia of speech and developmental apraxia of speech (Apraxia of Speech, 2002). This paper is about Developmental Apraxia of Speech, its symptoms, causes, and appropriate treatments. Developmental apraxia of speech is also called childhood apraxia of speech, because it is present from birth (2002). There are many symptoms of developmental apraxia, and each child may have different symptoms (Childhood, 1997). Some symptoms of very young children include problems eating, not cooing as an infant, late first words, problems combining sounds, and deleting difficult sounds and replacing them with easier ones more often than normal children (1997). In older children, symptoms can include making inconsistent sound errors, understanding of language better than their ability to talk, difficulty imitating speech, difficulty saying long phrases or words clearly, difficulty for others to understand their speech, and speech which sounds choppy or monotonous (1997). Other symptoms may include delayed language development, word order confusion, word recall issues, difficult fine motor development and coordination, over sensitivity or under sensitivity of the mouth, and trouble reading, writing, and spelling (1997). Because there are so many possible symptoms of developmental apraxia, it is important to have children evaluated by a professional to rule out other causes of speech problems (1997). Developmental apraxia is believed by many researchers to be a neurologically based speech-motor disorder, but exact causes have not been isolated (Causes of Apraxia, 2010). Researcher’s studies have not shown a difference or abnormalities in the brains of children with developmental apraxia (2002). Children with developmental apraxia often have family members with learning disabilities or communication disorders (2002). Researchers continue to conduct studies to find any brain abnormalities and genetic factors which may cause developmental apraxia (2005). Speech language therapy is used for treating developmental apraxia. Intensive intervention which begins early is best for children with this disorder (Lederman, 2012). In the beginning, children should have treatment 3-5 times per week (1997). Children diagnosed with developmental apraxia show improvement more quickly when they receive treatment individually (1997). Speech language therapy for children with developmental apraxia differs from the therapy of children with other language disorders (2012). Treatment is based on the principles of motor learning, including repetition to establish and develop motor plans, practice opportunities to maintain learned patterns, use of relevant words and phrases, increased sensory feedback, and work on sound and word sequences (2012). There are still many things to learn about developmental apraxia, and studies regarding causes and treatments are still ongoing (2002). There is also research being done to find more specific criteria to identify and diagnose developmental apraxia and to distinguish it from other communication disorders (2002). References American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Childhood Apraxia of Speech (1997). www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhoodapraxia.htm Lederman, D. (2012). Speech Language Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. www.donnalederman.com/disorder-types/apraxia-of-speech.php National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Apraxia of Speech (2002). www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/apraxia.aspx University of Rochester Medical Center. Causes of Apraxia (2010). www.urmc.rochester. edu/speech-pathology/speech-language-disorders/apraxia/causes-apraxia.cfm Web MD. Apraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments (2005). www.webmd.com/ Brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments

A TV Show that is Appropiate for a Younger Audience :: Free Essay Writer

A TV Show that is Appropiate for a Younger Audience Wishbone: A Little Dog with a Big Imagination â€Å"Printed Paws of Thieves" With his uncanny knowledge of famous authors, a little dog-named Wishbone is one very smart canine. The Wishbone television series has been created to introduce children to classic literature and encourage a love for reading books. The half-hour, live-action series, designed primarily for elementary school children between the ages of 6 and 12, represents an entirely new concept in educational programming. As children watch Wishbone the dog’s adventure in the world of literature, they will come away with their first taste of classic literature as well as a desire to learn more. The series stars Wishbone the dog, â€Å"a little dog with a big imagination,† who serves as a canine bridge between life and literature. Portrayed in the series by a real Jack Russell terrier, Wishbone the dog represents an articulate, clever and funny character, whose every thought, is heard by the audience. Each episode presents a different literary classic, introduced through Wishbone the dog’s active imagination and fantasies. For example in the episode â€Å"Printed Paws of Thieves† which presents the story of Robin Hood, Joe Talbot the 12-year old owner of Wishbone almost gets suspended when he helps the school lunch lady donate leftover food to a local shelter. Meanwhile, Wishbone as Robin Hood risks arrest when he robs from the rich to give to the poor. In this episode, Wishbone is wearing the typical outfit we think of Robin Hood wearing a Brown leather two-piece outfit carrying a bow and arrow and a feathered cap. Wishbone portrays the character, Robin Hood as if how we would perceive him in the classic literature story. Throughout this episode Wishbone and the other characters, Joe Talbot, David (Joe’s best friend), and Samantha (a neighborhood friend of Joe’s and David’s), reinforce the primary literary themes explored in â€Å"Robin Hood.à ¢â‚¬  Wishbone the dog represents the imaginative, playful child inside all of us. Through his wild adventures and heroic stunts, children will be introduced to some of the greatest literary works of literature. This PBS series provides a challenge for children to read, by providing signature scenes, the basic characters, and themes from classic literature without presenting the entire story so children will want to learn more about the story. It provides a foundation for the children to apply what they already know about the story from the Wishbone series to the actual classic literary form of the story so they will comprehend the story better.

Essay --

The Effects of Revenue Management in the Hospitality Industry Up until recent years Revenue Management was something that has never been heard of. Now days, it is something that hotel managers cannot go without. They spend numerous amounts of time checking their computers for the nightly rates of the hotel. But what exactly is Revenue Management? â€Å"Revenue Management (RM) is a scientific technique that combines Operations Research, Statistics and Customer Relationship Management and categorizes customers into price bands, based on various services† (Revenue Management, 2010). In other words someone might reserve a room that is at a going rate of $245 per night while their cousin who reserved a room at the same hotel months in advance only has to pay $105 per night. Now you may ask yourself how hotels can get away with doing this? But what it all boils down to is that someone who reserves a room last minute will end up paying the higher amount because his or her demand for the room is higher. This technique of raising or lowering prices based on the demand of the guest is something that airlines have been using for some time now. The first two airlines to use Revenue Management in 1985 were United and American Airlines. They used a series of algorithms to determine the best price to sell their seats (Desiraju & Shugan, 2000). The reason Revenue Management came about in the airline industry had to do with the airplanes only having a select amount of seats. Trying to sell all of the seats at the same price is very difficult to do especially when the airlines needed to at least be able to cover fixed operating expenses. A lot of times the planes would be left with empty seats, which, doesn’t help the airlines make any money. So by a... ...hould not be. Alan Campbell who has been working in the hotel industry for over thirty years believes that there should be more that goes into Revenue Management than just what the computer tells us. Campbell states, â€Å"Revenue managers need to have a feel for the system, not how it works, but what it does, and how it does it.† In other words a Revenue Manager must know all of the events happening in the area as well as all of the other venues in the area. They must have an instinct for knowing if the numbers are right and will bring the hotel the best property rates. Campbell’s views and ideas are something that is spreading within the Hospitality Industry, because when you are aware of the â€Å"human factor† as he calls it, properties are able to increase their Revenue per available room (Revpar), and occupancy percentages, above what the software will predict.

Followers and Leaders of Animal Farm

Animals on Manor Farm over throw their mean and evil rulers who have overworked and mistreated them. Once the animals get control over the farm they set up slogans and rules the animals must follow in order to have equality and justice on the new farm.The farm is mainly ran by the pigs, who are considered the most intelligent, and also the two main ruler pigs named Snowball and Napoleon. Napoleon uses dogs he took away as pups and trained them to follow his words and also uses them to chase Snowball off the farm. Now Napoleon has complete control over the farm along with the other pigs and the dogs.Napoleon’s number one pig who helps him run the farm the way he likes is named Squealer. Squealer is very persuasive and can manipulate any animal he needs to. The author of the book Animal Farm is named George Orwell and he wrote this story to have a allegorical representation of the Russian Revolution. Orwell shows in this piece of writing that both leaders and followers in a soci ety can act in ways that destroy certain rights such as freedom and equality. One of the followers name is Boxer and this horse believes that everything the pigs say about napoleon is always right.Overall, Napoleon’s right hand pig, Squealer, uses persuasive wording and powerful speeches to manipulate other animals on the farm that Napoleon is always right. In Animal Farm one of the leaders name is Squealer and he is a pig who is very persuasive.The text states, â€Å"The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white. † (pg:16) When George Orwell describes Squealer as being able to â€Å"turn black into white†, he is in fact referring to Squealer's persuasive skill. In other words, Squealer has enough persuasive talent to be able to convince the animals in Animal Farm that black is white or vice-versa.Squealer uses his wonderful way of talking persuasively towards the other animals on the farm. When Squealer does this he is being manipulative words to make the animals think what he wants them to.This effects the equality on the farm because the animals may not realize that they are being cheated out of their rights they originally fought for when they ran the original farm hands off the farm. Squealer’s persuasion is powerful because he influences the animals into thinking only positive ideas about Napoleon. This shows that Squealer is very manipulative and takes advantage of his power of manipulation.Squealer keeps his power throughout the novel is by staying as an important aspect to Napoleon. Napoleon uses Squealer to go out and persuade the animals on the farm that the pigs aren’t doing anything wrong or against the rules. This is very relevant to the story because if Napoleon didn’t have Squealer to help him run the farm than Napoleon wouldn’t have too many supporters and without his supporters he wouldn’t have any power. In Animal Farm, Orwell chose the characteristics of the animals t o allegorically represent people or groups from the Russian Revolution.Napoleon plays Stalin who was a cruel ruler who used military tactics to enforce his rules. This overall represents how in Animal Farm Orwell used all of the characters to have an allegorical meaning. Squealer is a representation of the Propaganda Department, and Napoleon represents the Russian Revolutions cruel leader. Squealer’s overall goal is to persuade all of the animals to becoming loyal to Napoleon like how the propaganda department was a way of persuading the people of the Soviet Union to become loyal to Stalin.Squealer is reaching his goal one by one and gains support every time he talks to the animals. Next, in Animal Farm one of the animals who follow Napoleon and Squealer’s words is a very strong and hardworking horse named Boxer. At first, things seem to be going well. He's a hard worker, making â€Å"I will work harder† into his personal motto (ch-3). He's a brave fighter, and the narrator tells us that, during the Battle of the Cowshed, â€Å"the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion† (ch-4).But it's not enough to keep him safe. At the beginning of the novel, Old Major warns Boxer that he's disposable: â€Å"the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will send you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the fox-hounds† (ch-1). Boxer can see that—but once Jones is forced off the farm, Boxer thinks the threat is gone. He's just not smart enough to see that he's got a whole new species to worry about. Boxer worries about the farm, but he's not smart enough to figure things out on his own.Instead of thinking for himself, he decides to be loyal no matter what—to follow the Party (as in, Communist Party) line. Like, after Snowball is sent into exile, Boxer tries to think things over for himself, but all he can come up with is, â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right,† and he takes up a new personal motto: â€Å"Napoleon is always right† (ch-5). Boxer is one of the animals who is easily persuaded and this is why the pigs think of him as a powerful disciple. Boxer absorbs everything the pigs tell him.Boxer would work so hard that it would influence the other animals to want to start and work also. This is not a good thing that is happening because when they are working on different projects on the farm they are taking orders from Napoleon and if they do that than there isn’t equality because this means that Napoleon is of a higher authority. If Napoleon is a higher rank in the social class than there isn’t equality. Boxer does not realize that he is giving up his freedom and he certainly doesn’t know that he is causing the other animals to also.He doesn’t realize this because all he does is follow Napoleons rules and work as hard as he can. Boxer motivates the other animals to work harder when the animals see him trying so hard to work. Boxer’s behavior is not typical of the animals on Animal Farm because he doesn’t ever question Napoleon like some of the other followers on the farm have. Also Boxer is not like the other animals because even though he is a follower he influenced other animals to follow in his footsteps and work harder.This shows that because Boxer is listening to Squealer he worked harder and that influences the other animals to work but also to give away their right to freedom and equality. In Conclusion, Napoleon’s second in command, also known as Squealer, persuades the animals on Animal Farm into thinking he is a wonderful leader. One of Squealer’s followers is a very work dedicated horse named Boxer. The author of this story is name Orwell and his purpose of writing this piece was to have the allegorical purpose of symbolism of the Russian R evolution.Orwell may have written this as a warning to the readers about how human behavior is when they get to much power. When someone gets too much power it goes to their head and they can’t function like they use to and may make bad decisions. From this novel the reader has learned that society is always adjusting itself. Not every situation is perfect nor can one expect perfection. However, the reader also learned that people have morals by which they hold themselves. Any leader who pushes his morals upon a group does not deserve power.

Benazir Bhutto Essays

Benazir Bhutto Essays Benazir Bhutto Essay Benazir Bhutto Essay He looked at her and smiled. Then looked outside and said those people. your people Li desolate and labor to give you an instruction. You owe them something. so you must come back and function these people. Benazir was raised to talk both English and Urdu but spoke Urdu conversationally at place instead. English was her first linguistic communication and while she was fluent in Urdu. it was neer grammatical. After her early instruction in Pakistan. she entered a more liberalist epoch in her life. She decided to prosecute her higher instruction in the United States while it went through daze of a cultural revolution. She attended Harvard University from 1969 to 1973. where she graduated cum laude awards with a grade in comparative authorities. During her clip in the United States she saw young person of every genre and walk of life imploring for a voice. imploring for equality. She saw the resiliency in the eyes of adult females commanding reform. justness and regard and began to follow their voice. She left the United States with the resiliency of Dr. King and the voice of Elizabeth Stanton. She subsequently described her clip at Harvard as the four of the happiest old ages of her life and said it formed the very footing of her belief in democracy. Benazir male parent. Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. was removed from office by the so head of ground forces General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq following a military putsch in 1977. Zia imposed soldierly jurisprudence but promised to keep elections within three month but alternatively of carry throughing the promise of democracy. General Zia charged Zulfikar Bhutto with cabaling to slay the male parent of his opposing politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri. Benazir and her household fought the hawkish absolutism of General Zia-ul-Haq. despite effects to themselves for opposing soldierly jurisprudence. Benazir Bhutto and her brother Murtaza spent months in and out of house apprehension while she worked to coerce General Zia-ul-Haq to drop slaying charges against her male parent. They filed a request for the reconsideration the sentence of Zulfikar Bhutto. and for his release. However. General Zia-ul-Haq claimed to hold misplaced the request. and farther ignored world-wide entreaties for mildness. Benazir visited her male parent adamantly promising justness. freedom. Sadly Zulfikar Bhutto was hanged on April 1979. she was non able to see her male parent before his executing and regretted neer stating adieu. After the hanging of Zulfikar. Benazir and Murtaza were arrested repeatedly on frivolous charges. Nevertheless the PPP continued to win among the people. Following PPP’s triumph in the local elections. General Zia postponed the national elections indefinitely and moved Benazir. Murtaza. and their female parent to Larkana Central Jail. After repeatedly puting them under house apprehension. the government eventually imprisoned Benazir under lone parturiency in a desert cell at Sindh Province. She described the heat. the darkness. the bars and the annoyance of the sweet cell with a shuddering fright. Her confrontation with unfairness gave her the resiliency she needed to last the following phase of her life. After her imprisonment she was allowed to return to the United Kingdom in 1984 and became a leader in expatriate of the People’s Party of Pakistan. For the first clip in the history of Pakistan a adult female was caput of a major political party. though she was unable to do her political presence felt in Pakistan until after the decease of General Zia-ul-Haq. She still led a pro-democracy resistance to the General Zia-ul-Haq government even in expatriate. Continual success of the People’s Party of Pakistan allowed Benazir to go the 11th Prime curate. During her clip as premier curate. the effects of General Zia’s domestic policies began to uncover themselves and she found them hard to counter. Her platform during her first term was to revoke the controversial Hudood Ordinance and to return to the Constitution of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto besides promised to switch to a Parliamentary system. But none of the reforms were made and Benazir began to fight with conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan over the issues of executive governments. President Khan repeatedly vetoed proposed Torahs and regulations that would hold lessened his Presidential authorization. Benazir’s merely accomplishments during her first term were enterprises for nationalist reform and modernisation which was viewed as Westernization. Her 2nd term on the other manus was highly different. She learned greatly from her errors during her first term and appointed a president that agreed with her positions leting her call to Westernization and democracy a batch more outstanding. After her 2nd term she was sent to Saudi Arabia in expatriate while her hubby. resembling the destiny of Benazir’s male parent. was arrested on false charges. He was charged with engagement in the decease of Benazir’s brother and was blamed for this calamity. After old ages in expatriate she returned to Pakistan to go on reform toward democracy. She said the Pakistan zephyr on her face was something she had missed as she left the plane. She was assassinated on December 7 2007 by an al-Qaeda-linked activist group after go forthing a mass meeting. Even with gunfires firing and bombs in the background she still stood tall and smiled merrily cognizing she was functioning her people.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Trial essays

The Tuskegee Syphilis Trial essays In 1932, The America Government conducted a study of a group of 399 young healthy black males who were part of an U.S. Public Health Service experiment of black men in the late stages of syphilis. The men in the experiment for the most part were illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, and they were never told of what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that they were being treated for bad blood, their doctors had no intention of curing them of syphilis at all. The information for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men, and they were deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphilis. Tertiary syphilis can include heart disease, tumors, paralysis, blindness, insanity, and death. The theory behind the study was that whites experienced more neurological complications from syphilis whereas blacks were more susceptible to cardiovascular damage. At the end of the experiment only 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 had died from related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis. The PHS had offered the men incentives to participate in this study: free physical examinations, free rides to and from the clinics, hot meals on examination days, free treatment for minor ailments, and a guarantee that a burial stipend would be paid to their survivors. This modest stipend of $50.00 represented the only from of burial insurance that many of the men had. With this movie based on the true story of Tuskegee Syphilis Trial, it touched much deeper emotions inside myself. While watching this video I was in shock to see what our government did to its own people. I had just found a new respect and trust for our country from my Constitutional Law class the previous term, and most of that was all gone by the end of the video. This was a textbo...

How To Adopt CoSchedule With This Simple Change Management Process

How To Adopt With This Simple Change Management Process Odds are you’ve been managing your projects, campaigns, workflows, team communication, reporting, and more in non-marketing tools. And you’ve got spreadsheets for days. So. Many. Spreadsheets. You’ve been weighed down with single-solution tools that do one thing†¦ but they don’t integrate†¦ ⠝Å' You use Asana or Wrike for project management. ⠝Å' You’ve got Hootsuite or SproutSocial for social publishing. ⠝Å' You’ve got Google calendar, docs, or a spreadsheet for your editorial calendar. ⠝Å' And of course endless email threads. We call this â€Å"Makeshift Marketing† and this is the problem marketers like you face every day. Fortunately, it’s also the problem that solves.    ^^^ does this look familiar? It’s a perfect visual of Makeshift Marketing. So, if you’re stuck wasting time, missing deadlines, and without visibility into ALL of your marketing details†¦ it’s time for . Why is seeing it all in one place important? Marketers who organize their marketing strategy AND plan are 538% more successful than those who don’t.    Want another reason? Marketers who organize their process workflow to create a scalable repeatable process are 466% more successful than those who don’t.    Now that you’ve chosen , you will solve each of these problems!

The Challenger Accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Challenger Accident - Essay Example he Challenger mishap was caused by the failure â€Å"was the destruction of the seals that are intended to prevent hot gases from leaking through the joint during the propellant burn of the rocket motor.† (Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, 1986). The damaged O-ring seals in the tang and clevis joint were found to cause the failure of the seals. The commission’s investigations pointed out several contributing mechanical and structural breaches that lead to the failure. Among the major structural flaws was a defect in the fittings of the aft joint’s tang and clevis. Original design of the aft segments or other segments of the Solid Rocket Booster has a tang that almost perfectly fits into the clevis of the other segment. This structural design is oftentimes contaminated during handling and transport such that the roundness of the segments is altered due to pressures and transport vibrations. Minor alterations in the roundness of the segments would result to differences in the diameters of the tang and the clevis. These problems may result to some fitting imperfections that could make the O-rings attached within the joint more vulnerable to damage. Another contributory factor to the failure of the seals was the conditions of the O-rings during launch. It was noted that during launch time, the temperature was very cold and the launch facility even experienced problems due to lower temperature. Furthermore the SRB used in the Challenger launch have been used in several other missions. This practice had been used in the space program without any problems. For better seal performance, tests confirmed that actuating pressure must get behind the entire face of the O-ring on the upstream side of the groove within which the O-ring sits (Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, 1986, p. 61). Under imperfect sealing conditions discussed above a potential greater pressure is exerted on the O-ring and would make it fit

What is the relationship between public administration and democratic Essay

What is the relationship between public administration and democratic governance - Essay Example In essence, one can establish that public organizations have highly static organizational structures more often than not mandated by a statute. Because of this static nature, leaders of public organizations are prone to be weak and lacking in discretion; this is used to explain the traditional leadership theory where employees or subordinates respond to the influence of little discretion employed by their leaders. Similarly, because of the seniority basis of reward systems public administration will older managers often take more up. These older managers are seen to exercise little discretion since they operate in different environmental contexts from their private sector counterparts, where environmental contexts are differentiated by market forces and interaction with legislations and legislatures (Pacek, 2010). It has been found that there is a dichotomy between public administration and politics where this has been evidenced by the fact that the division of authority and labour is branched out into between administrative and elected officials, which raises the planning ability along with democratic ability among public administrators. It is crucial to establish the relation that lies between public administration and politics as it has important implications on the institutional development as well as intellectual identity of public administration. One finding into this dichotomous relationship suggests that politics and public administration are two distinct, separate issues. This outlook defines politics as being about making policies, a process that encompasses a set of activities involving value choices. Public administration, on the other hand, is seen as a tool for interpreting articulated policies into actual outcomes through the application of dedicated skills and knowledge, forma lly referred to as administrative knowledge. In essence, politics serves up the duties for public administration but should not be

Will Nintendo Survive the Vastly Developing Video Game Industry in Research Paper

Will Nintendo Survive the Vastly Developing Video Game Industry in North America - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that in this age, the demands of the individual are changing just as the alterations within the economy. This is mainly due to the introduction of varied types of inventive technologies, techniques, and models. Due to which, the demand and preferences of the customers are also changing at a rapid pace that enhances the rate of switchovers. However, in order to retain the customers within the brands, varied types of value-added games are introduced by the game console organizations at a quite competitive price. Therefore, due to the presence of numerous rival players, the rate of competitiveness is increasing at a rapid speed thereby enhancing its image and position to a significant extent among others. Nintendo is one of the reputed and largest, Japanese multinational organization attaining a profit margin of  ¥7.2 billion and total assets of  ¥1.4 trillion in the financial year of 2013. Within a very small time span, it expanded its wi ngs in the entire globe that amplified its sustainability. Bargaining power of the buyers: the bargaining power of the buyers is extremely high. This is mainly due to the presence of numerous rival payers in the market of North America. As a result of which, the customers always desire to attain most advanced and modernized games at a quite low cost. However, in order to fulfill the inner desire of the customers, the organizations operating in the segment of video games or game console tries to offer value-added games at a competitive cost. So, the customers stick to the segment of video games in-spite of economic recession. Bargaining power of the suppliers: the bargaining power of the suppliers is moderate. This is mainly because; Nintendo sorted or selected its suppliers by itself and so the suppliers desired to retain its value within this strong brand as compared to others. Therefore, in order to maintain the competitiveness, the suppliers always tried to offer varied types of modern and advanced software’s and technologies at a quite low cost to these reputed brands such Nintendo, Sony etc. Competitive rivalry: due to the presence of numerous rival players in the market of North America such as Sony, Microsoft etc, the rate of competition is extremely high. As the customers of the game console or video game market always prefer modern technologies to the maximum extent of the organizations, such as Sony, Microsoft etc try to introduce varied types of products at a quite low cost.

Extraordinary rendition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Extraordinary rendition - Research Paper Example This was after a terrorist attack in the country during the reign of President Bill Clinton. The CIA agency went to the height of detaining and interrogating foreign suspects without bringing them to the United States or charging them with any crimes they committed (â€Å"Extraordinary Rendition, Extraterritorial Detention and Treatment of Detainees† Web). The solution was to move a suspect to another country which sometimes meant the detention of the suspect to the CIA’s secret prisons in places such as Romania or Thailand. From there, CIA would interrogate him or her. The suspect will either be detained or interrogated by the U.S (Katja 34-8). personnel at the detention facilities outside the sovereign territory of the country or, on the other hand, dispensed over to the custody of foreign agents who will then interrogate him or her. The foreign suspects are subjected to torture and brutal interrogation methods that are illegal under international or federal law, applied so as obtain information from the suspects. The use of extraordinary rendition has proved success in the fight against terrorism. Arrest and detention of terror suspects have helped the Government to dig into the roots of the terrorists’ plans and strategies from the terrorist suspect put under interrogation (Murray 9-11). However, administration officials, in collaboration with the Department of Justice legal memoranda criticized this act. A forum was held in 1992 that was ratified by the U.S (The United Nations Convention against Torture and other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment) (Murray 20). The congress made it clear that, it is the policy of the U.S not to:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"expel, extradite, or otherwise effect the involuntary return of any person to a country in which there are substantial grounds for believing the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture, regardless of whether the person is physically present in the United State†

Place Value Lesson Plan 403 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Place Value Lesson Plan 403 4 - Essay Example This is very important as far as understanding this number system is concerned, if not re-enforced with the help of some visible and tangible objects it will appear difficult to the learners. To help students comprehend this concept the first and foremost teaching aid would be a number chart "hundreds/tens/ones". Once the student is taught to place numbers in this manner the concept becomes simple and students remember it life-long. At this stage the teacher needs to remember that the class room has students with different needs and capabilities therefore a good lesson should be rendered with the average student in mind .Teacher may use worksheets with number chart on it and ask students to place given numbers in various combinations. They can be written on the worksheet and also read out in class. This method will re-enforce student learning further. Sometimes number blocks help specially students who need special attention, because actually holding a number block in hand helps in concretizing the concept.

Extraordinary rendition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Extraordinary rendition - Research Paper Example This was after a terrorist attack in the country during the reign of President Bill Clinton. The CIA agency went to the height of detaining and interrogating foreign suspects without bringing them to the United States or charging them with any crimes they committed (â€Å"Extraordinary Rendition, Extraterritorial Detention and Treatment of Detainees† Web). The solution was to move a suspect to another country which sometimes meant the detention of the suspect to the CIA’s secret prisons in places such as Romania or Thailand. From there, CIA would interrogate him or her. The suspect will either be detained or interrogated by the U.S (Katja 34-8). personnel at the detention facilities outside the sovereign territory of the country or, on the other hand, dispensed over to the custody of foreign agents who will then interrogate him or her. The foreign suspects are subjected to torture and brutal interrogation methods that are illegal under international or federal law, applied so as obtain information from the suspects. The use of extraordinary rendition has proved success in the fight against terrorism. Arrest and detention of terror suspects have helped the Government to dig into the roots of the terrorists’ plans and strategies from the terrorist suspect put under interrogation (Murray 9-11). However, administration officials, in collaboration with the Department of Justice legal memoranda criticized this act. A forum was held in 1992 that was ratified by the U.S (The United Nations Convention against Torture and other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment) (Murray 20). The congress made it clear that, it is the policy of the U.S not to:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"expel, extradite, or otherwise effect the involuntary return of any person to a country in which there are substantial grounds for believing the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture, regardless of whether the person is physically present in the United State†

Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Poems - Essay Example The first main image that Bishop shows is stated by the narrator with losing some of the small things in life. Bishop states, â€Å"Lose something every day. Accept the fluster / of lost door keys, the hour badly spent. / The art of losing isn’t hard to master† (lines 4 – 6). These lines show the image of losing keys and present an image that relates to one looking for something that can’t be found. Bishop is able to expand on this image of losing names, watches and other smaller items. After this, there is a transition with the images as the center movement. The first image is of losing a continent, with the main image of the rivers that divide the regions. This all ties into the idea of losing â€Å"you,† which is the person that the narrator is speaking about. The main theme is related to the concept of losing another person and how this is similar to the images of losing smaller things. Bishop is able to create a sarcastic approach to the art of losing, specifically when it comes to losing another loved one. The poem, â€Å"Bully† by Martin Espada, also shows specific images in the poem to represent the bully. The main theme in this particular poem is to show how those in the current day forget about the past and become bullies to what has occurred. The first image described by Espada is the statue of Theodore Roosevelt, described with the nostalgic look and the horse that follows. The image that follows states â€Å"Puerto Rico has invaded Roosevelt / with its army of Spanish – singing children / in the hallways† (lines 8 – 10). The invasion and image that Espada creates shows how there is a loss of the past because of the children. The words used such as army and invasion work with the image to present this main concept. This leads into the last section, with the images â€Å"now children plot to spray graffiti / in parrot – brilliant colors / across

Amusement park Essay Example for Free

Amusement park Essay I am relatively small in stature at about 4’11† with dark brown, naturally curly hair and hazel eyes that seem to change color with different lighting.. I currently wear thin, black glasses due to my nearsightedness. I apply cover up everyday to hide my freckles and blemishes on my skin while also wearing black mascara and black eyeliner to bring out my eyes. I dress in a more conservative style with not many outfits accessorized and simple patterns. I tend to wear a majority of name brand clothing because of the quality of the material and the styles. I don’t have a very broad arrangement of shoes and I typically wear one or two different pairs of shoes a week. I also like to wear simple earrings everyday and the necklace I got for Valentine’s Day from my boyfriend. I also typically paint my nails a bright pink on my toes and blue or silver on my fingernails. I enjoy to do many activities. For example: I play softball, flag football, ultimate Frisbee, read, volunteer at the library, hang out with friends, spend time with family, and many other things. Other things I like are friendly people, honest people, school events, summer, carnivals, amusement parks, water parks, holiday parties, and birthdays. Things I don’t like to do are clean, do homework everyday, drive small cars, being too busy, and feeling overworked. Things I don’t like are liars, rude people, winter, the color orange, not having access to the internet, being cold, and more. For example, I find myself cold often so I buy blankets, long socks, and anything I can use to stay warm all the time. I’m good at schoolwork and having plenty of fun. I do well on state testing and I learn a lot when it comes to school and other subjects I can use in my life. I’m always busy having fun with friends and family. I like to make sure everyone has a good time together and that we are never bored. When I’m with my friends, we always use our imaginations to find some way to spend the time. I’m not as good at getting everything done on time and prepared for when I need it; Also, I do not have the motivation to do things I do not want to do but have to do. My description does sound like someone I would like to know because I believe I am, generally, a good person. I try and be someone people wouldn’t mind being around so I’m not a problem to anyone and so I’m someone people can get along with. I care about my personal image and I hope people agree with me. I would change myself by making myself more friendly and outgoing. I believe I’m not as outgoing as I could be and I could make more friends by changing that. I also wouldn’t let my emotions drive what I do; I would use my brain to make a decision before I use my feelings about the subject. I would start putting my happiness into consideration when I try and help others out; however, I wouldn’t become selfish. Personal happiness is just as important as anyone else’s. I would like to be a person who does not worry about problems but puts forth action to eliminate them. I would be more proactive about my problems and make sure I follow through with my decision on how to solve it without letting emotions change my mind. And also, I would stop worrying and accept the things I cannot control. I can bring my wish closer to the now version by having more self motivation and self discipline. I envision my future where I am a happy, educated, person with a successful career and a happy family who has everything they need. I want to supply them with everything they need to become successful individuals and create the best future for themselves.

Applying change theories on the implementation of an ambulance despatch system

Applying change theories on the implementation of an ambulance despatch system 1. INTRODUCTION Change is inevitable and to enhance the efficiency of the services that a company offers, change is very necessary. The world is changing everyday. This is attributed to the advancement in technology, globalisation in addition to many other factors. There is an incentive for all business and economic institution to change in order to benefit from the advancement in information technology. This is one of the factors that motivated the Metropolitan Ambulance Service (MAS) in Melbourne to implement a state of the art emergency despatch and communication system in 1994. In the late 1980s, the MAS received criticism based on poor ambulance response times(Darren,2004).In an average day, MAS ambulances attends to more than 600 medical emergencies and are also involved in transporting around 400 patients(Darren, 2004). Therefore, the decision to improve previous system as a result of delays is acceptable and necessary to provide a timely, appropriate, and professional response to all calls f or emergency assistance (Darren, 2004). However, the underlying decision to implement this system and the strategies utilised to implement this information system affected the efficiency to deliver desired services. The new CEO, John Farmer, intended to change the way the MAS operated through the utilisation of computer technology in two areas: management of emergency calls and management of finances (Darren, 2004). This decision in conjunction with politics and other strategies were the catalyst for the failure to implement change in the MAS. This paper is set to analyse the case study written by Prof Darren Dalcher in 2004 (Emergency: Implementing an Ambulance Despatch System).The case study highlights the story of the problematic implementation of a computerised despatch system for the Metropolitan Ambulance Service (MAS) in Melbourne, Australia(Darren, 2004). The aim of this paper to analyse how information system implementation approaches, resistance theories and change theories such as Lewins Three Step Change Theor y, Lippits phases of change Theory and the Social Cognitive Theory can be applied to the case study to bring about necessary changes. 2.LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review is divided into 3 sections. The first section explains the four approaches designed for implementing I.T systems. The second section explains resistance theories. The third section explains change theories. 2.1 There are four approaches available for implementing an I.T information system. These approaches include 2.1.1 Plunge approach: The plunge approach means implementing a system in an urgent fashion, by ending the previous system at a particular day and starting the new system the next day. This approach minimises transition cost and operation cost. However, the plunge approach is risky and could easily lead to system failure. (Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533) 2.1.2 Parallel approach: The parallel approach means operating the old and the new system at the same time. Although the parallel approach is costly to operate, it is beneficial in the long run because major problems about the new system would have been identified and solved. If the new system fails, the old system acts as a backup for achieving the corporate goal. (Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533) 2.1.3 Pilot approach: The pilot system means operating the new system in another geographical area or a specific branch of the organisation in study. Conducting the pilot study to examine the impact of change will avoid unseen complications (Anderson,1985). 2.1.4 The phased approach: The phased approach is applicable to both parallel and plunge approach. It focuses on implementing every module or version of the system as it is developed and tested. Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533).The cost of application varies with the methodology. (Efraim Linda, 2010, p 533) 2.2 Resistance theories: 2.2.1 The people oriented theory: The people-oriented theory suggests that resistance to systems is created by factors internal to users as individuals or groups.( James, Waleed, and Gary (1999)). Gardner, Dukes and Discenza (1993) supports the notion that certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender) as well as varying background, value and belief systems contribute to an individuals attitude towards technology. 2.2.2 The system oriented theory The system-oriented theory posits that resistance is induced externally by factors inherent in the design of the system or the technology being used (James, Waleed, and Gary (1999).Such factors include user interface and other systems characteristics (e.g., realization of requirements, performance, reliability, and the degree of centralization, distribution, or decentralization)( James, Waleed, and Gary (1999). 2.2.3 The Interaction oriented theory: The interaction theory explains that systems acquire different political and social meaning in different settings and that different users perceive the effects of the same system differently ( James, Waleed, and Gary ,1999). Resistance may, for example, manifest itself as a result of shifting power relationships (James, Waleed, and Gary ,1999). 2.3The change theories 2.3.1 Kurt Lewins planned change: The Lewins planned change theory argues that planned change occurs by design where each and every process is planned. This is as opposed to spontaneous change or change by accident. The status quo is disrupted and results into some imbalance of forces. The two forces that are mostly present are the driving force and the restraining force. The driving force acts as a motivator in motion towards a positive direction or a goal that has been set. The restraining force opposes the movement towards a destined goal. When the opposing forces are overcome, another equilibrium position is reached (Bessie, 2003: p.167). The three phases that are identified include: unfreezing the status quo, attaining a new state (moving) and refreezing to make the change permanent. The first steps are informing stakeholders of the required change and agree on the importance of the change. According to Miller (1982) one of the most difficult tasks is getting people to accept a change. Change is challenging and the stakeholders or users may feel as if they have lost control of everything but it is important to encourage them. The individuals will then take time to implement the real change. This might take quite sometime but the process should be gradual. Freezing makes the process to stabilize and the process can now be implemented into the system. 2.3.2 Lippits Phases of Change Theory In Lippits Phases of Change Theory, an extension of the Lewins Change Theory is done. Seven steps are developed that focus more on the change agent than on the change itself. This involves exchange of information throughout the process. The change begins by a diagnosis of the problem and then checking the motivation that the change will bring and the capacity of the change to make a difference from the current situation. The change agent should also be examined so as to decide if the necessary capacity that is required is available (Alicia, 2004: p.1). The strategies that will be used to accomplish the change are chosen and each agent of change is assigned and alerted of the changes that are expected from his part. Experts and facilitators may be required at this stage and may be part of the change agents. The institution implementing the change should ensure that the change is maintained. This can be achieved by efficient communication, coordination and feedback on every activity th at takes place. When the change has been implemented and the employees have adopted the new culture, the change agent can now withdraw from the process. 2.3.3 Social cognitive theory: According to the social cognitive theory, individuals can change their behaviours depending on the environmental factors that surround them, the personal factors of the individuals and the attributes of the behaviour itself. The individuals must believe that they have the capacity to perform the new behaviour and they must also see the importance of adopting the new behaviour. If the individuals see the consequences of the behaviour to be positive, they will be willing to adopt the new behaviour and vice versa. This means that social learning will take place where the individuals can perceive the positive expectations to outdo the negative expectations (Alicia, 2004: p.1). If the individuals can visualize the positive benefits and see the importance of the change, they are likely to be motivated and to have more morale to carry out the changes in the behaviour. Self-efficacy is the most important aspect in this process and can be increased by: giving clear instructions that will allo w the change to be achieved, providing proper training that will enable the individuals to develop the skills required for the change to be achieved and trying to model the desired behaviour. 3. Analysis of the Case Study The MAS was established at the end of the nineteenth century. The aim was to offer emergency medical transport especially in transporting patients in critical conditions to hospitals as fast as possible. They offer first aid services to individuals that require the first aid services as they move them to places where they can be attended to. They provide first aid education to the public for free and in addition, they provide special facilities that can be used by individuals who require these special transport services in order to get to the hospital. In the late 1980s, MAS experienced intense criticism with the press analysing major events where the companys response to calls was very poor. The private sector had also tried to become very active and had started actively competing with the MAS. The financial status of the MAS had also been very poor. The service was recording losses every year. The relationship that existed between MAS management and the ambulance unions was not good. Many strikes, mistrust and tensions had always prevailed in the region and the media produced some articles on how the ambulance had been inadequate in dealing with some cases. In 1992, it was found that MAS was using some systems that were not integrated in terms of technology. As a result, the new government which was elected was concerned with the way the service was using the finances that the government had allocated to it. A review that was formed in 1992 to address the issue concluded that the MAS should restructure its management and structu re so that it could focus on improved technological systems so that the dispatch of ambulances could be strengthened. A John farmer was elected as the CEO and he wanted to use computer technology in managing emergency calls and in the management of finances. X-consultants were given the contract for providing the emergency system and were offered about $A32 million by the Victoria State Government. In 1994, the media produced records of delays by the company and the deaths that occurred as a result of those delays (Darren, 2004: p.1). The implementation strategy was flawed from the start because stakeholder had different objectives. The means the government was more focussed on reducing cost than employing the right agent for the project. The X-consultants agreed to an unrealistic timeframe in which to introduce the system (Darren, 2004). Implementation was scheduled to proceed in a Big Bang manner, with a switch over to the full system scheduled for 24 August 1995(Darren, 2004). The timeframe was obviously too short for the information system to be developed, tested and reviewed for further corrections. The fixed deadline imposed by the clients, without negotiation, became a major constraint on the project and proved to be a difficult hurdle for X-consultants (Darren, 2004). The CEO decided to use the plunge approach in implementing the new system in order to reduce cost. The methodology backfired and resulted into the failure of the new system. Other approaches such as parallel, pilot and phased approach should have been considered. Although these other approaches will not necessary minimise cost, the pace of the system implementation would have allowed for adjustment period to the new system (Zuboff, 1988). By May 1995, it became clear that X-consultants were unable to meet contract deadlines, while the media uncovered evidence of frequent system shut downs. (Darren, 2004). MAS officers began complaining to X-consultants and a heated row developed between the two organisations. (Darren, 2004).The obvious truth was that the ambulance union would have liked their members to do the despatching, rather than non-paramedic X-consultants civilians. (Darren 2004).This means the importance of the change has not been properly communicated. Resistance had developed within the organisation because MAS was not consulted about the need for change. The change was enacted by force instead by consultation from the stakeholders and users. The trade unions were ignored instead of been consulted to process change. The government and the CEO did not recognise the inability of sophisticated technology to overcome human and organisational issues(Darren, 2004). The government in conjunction with the CEO should have appropriate strategies to promote acceptance of the information system. They should have Involve employees in development of new systems to encourage a feeling of ownership (Mumford, 1979). Open lines of communication between employees and management should have been established (Land, 1992).The employees should be provided with information regarding system changes to preserve ownership (Jager, 1994). Morale-boosting activities should have been initiated, for example, company parties and newsletters, to promote community (Nord and Tucker, 1987). Standards could have been documented so new procedures are easy to learn and reference (Nord and Tucker, 1987). The CEO should have established in advance the demarcations of authority that will exist following changeover to clarify role definitions (Martinsons and Chong,1999). The CEO could have upgrade work environment following change e.g. more space and design for comfort, to improve atmosphere (Swanson, 1988). Job titles could have been altered to reflect increased responsibility to clarify job roles (Rivard, 1984). Show sympathy and be receptive to complaints following conversion to maintain user contact and trust ( Nord and Tucker,1987). Conduct orientation sessions to prepare for change (Rivard, 1984).Give job counselling to help users adjust (Holmes and Holmes, 1970). Organize group therapy to help users adjust (Hussain and Hussain, 1984). Retrain employees to be effective users of the new system (Aggarwal, 1998) According to Lewins planned theory, the first process that ought to have been discussed was if the change to privatise and outsource the emergency despatch system was necessary. If it was found to be necessary, the process of convincing the MAS of the importance of the change would begin. This would have taken sometime but at the end of the day, the individuals would have been convinced and would have embraced the need for change. The next process would have been identifying the driving forces and the restraining forces. When all these are identified, the goals that are destined are identified (Bessie, 2003: p.168). This will help in identifying the methods that will be used in achieving the corporate goals. The government together with the MAS could have sat down and negotiated on the requirements that would result in efficient distribution of the emergency services. Different companies that would have supplied the requirements would have been identified and the best one chosen. Th e barriers towards achieving these goals would also have been evaluated and ways of overcoming them designed. In unfreezing the status quo, the management together with some government officials will think of the specific areas that need change and these areas will eventually be destabilized. This will call for some processes that will involve the planned changes. The time that will be taken to establish the change may also be noted so that people may work and dedicate their efforts towards achieving the greater goal (Bessie, 2003: p.313). Much resistance should be expected as usual since some individuals will view the change as being stressful and may seem to lose focus. Reaching the equilibrium is not that easy and every member should be determined to make a change. This way, it will take less time to reach the destined goal. In dispatching the system, resistance is one of the expectations as individuals are not trained in working with computers and especially in the new software. The best training should be given to employees to ensure that they are confident in working with the new system. Appropriate software also ought to be developed so that there is no confusion in the software. The Lippits Phases of Change Theory could also have been used to address the issues that existed in the case study. Before taking any action, the government ought to have taken sometime to sit down with the MAS and see if there was a way that the problem could have been solved by making some changes. The first necessary process could have been diagnosing the problem and knowing why there were delays in releasing the ambulances that led to the death of many people. If a change was deemed fit for the process such as the proposed use of computers in call taking, the motivation and capacity for change could have been necessary before implementing it. Some agents like facilitators and experts could have been identified to help in the process of change. Determination of the capacity of the change agent to attain the required change is also necessary when using the Lippits Phases of Change Theory (Alicia, 2004: p.1). The power, stamina and commitment to change are important and therefore, the company should be very keen in selecting the change agents. The strategies that were to be used to help accomplish the change could have been identified and the change agents assigned the roles that they should play in the process. Proper communication between the change agents and the members of the company is necessary as it will allow the members to get the details about the change. 4. Conclusion The Victoria government in conjunction should have applied better I.T information system implementation approaches and better strategies to implement acceptance. Before proposing change, an analysis ought to have been done to determine if the change was necessary and if the capacity for change was available. Most of the processes failed because the companies together with the government never attempted to analyze the problem in hand before proposing the change. Again, after proposing the change, no analysis was done to see if the implementation of the change was possible and if so, whether the change would have any impact on the current process. References Alicia, K. (2004). Comparison of Change Theories. Retrieved on 19-Nov-09 from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Kritsonis,%20Alicia%20Comparison%20of%20Change%20Theories.pdf Anderson E.F (1985). Managerial considerations in participative design of MIS/DSS, Information Management 9(4) pp. 201-207 . Aggarwal A.K (1998). End user training revisited, Journal of End User Computing 10(3) pp. 32-33. Bandura, A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Bessie, L. M. (2003). Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. London: McMillan Publishers, 166-172. Becker, L. K. (2003): Related Risk of injury and death in ambulances and other emergency vehicles. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 231-233. Darren, D. (2004). Emergency: Implementing an Ambulance Despatch System. UK: IDEA Group Publishing. Retrieved on 18-Nov-09 from http://www.infoscijournals.com/downloadPDF/pdf/IT5715_ZFAV6bdOJK.pdf Efraim, T. Linda, V. (2010): Information technology for management: Transforming organizations in the digital economy: 7th edn. Asia: John Wiley and sons. Geoff, C. (2009): The medical Priority and Dispatch System. Retrieved on 18-Nov-09 from http://www.emergencydispatch.org/articles/ArticleMPDS%28Cady%29.html Gardner D.G. Dukes R.L., Discenza R. (1993).Self-confidence and attitudes: a causal analysis, Computers in Human Behavior 9(3) pp. 427-440. Holmes T.S Holmes T.H (1970): Short-term intrusions into lifestyle routines, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 14 pp. 121-132. Hussain D. Hussain K.M (1984): Information Resource Management, Irwin, Homewood, IL. Henry, S. (1994). The origin of medical terms: Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Jager P.de (1994): Communicating in times of change, Journal of Systems Management pp. 28-30. James, J.J., Waleed, A.M Gary, K. (1999): â€Å"User resistance and strategies for promoting acceptance across system types† Information management, 37(2000), pp 25-36. Lex, D. (2000): American Anti-Management Theories of Organization: A Critique of Paradigm Proliferation, 312-314. Land F.F (1992) .The management of change: guidelines for the successful implementation of information systems, in A. Brown (Ed.), Creating a Business-based IT Strategy, Chapman Hall, London, UK, pp. 145-157. Lippitt, R., Watson, J. and Westley, B.: The Dynamics of Planned Change. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1958 Mumford E. (1979): Human values and the introduction of technological change, Manchester Business School Review 3(2), pp. 13-17. Mumford E. (1981): Participation -what does it mean and how can it be achieved, Manchester Business School Review 5(3) pp. 7-11. Mumford E. (1993): The ETHICS Approach, Communications of the ACM 36(6) pp. 82. Melanie, N. (2002): Theoretical Basis for Nursing. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 369-373. Miller, D. Friesen, P. (1982): ‘Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: two models of strategic momentum: Strategic management journal, vol3, pp. 1-25. Martinsons M.G Chong P.K.C (1982): The influence of human factors and specialist involvement on information systems success, Human Relations 52(1) (1999), pp. 123-152. Nord W.R. Tucker S.(1987). Implementing Routine and Radical Innovation, Lexington, Lexington Books, MA. Phillip, J. (2004). Ford to gasoline ambulance in 2010 Rivard S. (1984): Successful implementation on end-user computing, Interfaces 17(3) pp. 25-33. Swanson E.B (1988). Information systems implementation: bridging the gap between design and utilization, Irwin, Homewood, IL. Tony, B. (2004): The Principles and Practice of Educational Management. New York: Sage Publishers, 123-124. Zuboff S. (1988). In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power, Basic Books, New York.

Extreme Roles :: essays research papers

Extreme Roles In every country, city, town and neighborhood in the world, there are stereotypes. We all live in a classified area where you can be regarded as rich, poor or middle class. Within those three types there becomes sub-categories, where ethnicity , gender and sexuality also become a part of the environment. The list goes on and on. In David H. Hwang’s M. Butterfly, the roles of men and women in the Eastern and Western society are extremely limited in that men and women are both expected to act there part. Being a women in Eastern society, means basically, to do whatever possible to please your man. Song, although we come to find is actually a man, played the part of the perfect women. " Gallimard: I have a vision. Of, the Orient. That, deep within its almond eyes, there are still women. Women willing to sacrifice themselves for the love of a man. Even a man whose love is completely without worth."(Act three, scene three, pg.92). Song knew from experience t hat men of the Western world loved submissive women who would do anything to please the man they were with. Femininity is displayed as weak and passive. In order to find a man, a women had to do anything, even accept the fact that there husbands would find a mistress on the side. It was socially acceptable to be intentionally blind to what your husband was doing. The same also seemed to take place in the Western world as well, although not at such extreme cases.. Helga assumed that Gallimard took up a mistress while living in the Orient. Masculinity in this novel seems to be, the more women you have in your lifetime, the more you are considered a man. "Gallimard: (To us): Toulon knows! And he approves! I was learning the benefits of being a man. We form our own clubs, sit behind thick doors, smoke-and celebrate the fact that we’re still boys†¦."(Act two, scene 4, pg. 46). The men in this novel seemed enchanted with the idea of women and the fame they got with f riends when it was found out that they were having extra marital affairs. In the Orient and the Western world as well, masculinity wasn’t defined by hard work and a having and striving toward a perfect marriage and family life, it was defined by sex. Sex with other women than your wife.

Essay examples --

Archimedes was one of the last ancient Greek mathematicians, following in the footsteps of Plato, Socrates, and Euclid. Historians call him "the wise one," "the master" and "the great geometer". Although he was also a scientist and inventor, it was his work in mathematics that has ranked him as one of the three most important mathematicians in history, along with Sir Isaac Newton and Carl Friedrich Gauss. Further, he was one of the first scientists to perform experiments to prove his theories. Archimedes’ discoveries in mathematics continue to have an impact today. Historians do not know a great deal about Archimedes’ life. Archimedes was born around 287 B.C. in Syracuse, Sicily, which was part of Greece at that time. We know his father was an astronomer, which Archimedes mentioned in one of his works, "The Sand Reckoner". He had a close relationship with the royal family and was called upon by the king when he needed scientific advice. At 1...

The Concept Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

The challenges outlined in this definition are the chief duty of wellness attention professionals, particularly public wellness specializers who receive developing from Schools of Public Health ( SOPH ) . SOPH is a term used to depict a section in an establishment of higher acquisition concerned chiefly with proviso of postgraduate Public Health tutoring, chiefly in the signifier of a Masters grade in Public Health ( MPH ) . ( 3 )1.1 Backgrounds:Globally, there have been important alterations in public wellness, with monolithic betterments in developed states, while stagnancy and even diminution has been observed in the wellness position of developing and under-developed states. In states like the United Kingdom, the class of wellness attention during the 19th and 20th centuries focused on proviso of drinkable H2O and bettering sanitation, and clean air. These purposes have mostly been achieved to a sensible criterion, but unhappily, the state of affairs is far from what is desired i n most underdeveloped states. ( 4 ) The current tendency is typified by the â€Å" reverse attention jurisprudence † , where comparatively few schools of public wellness exist in parts with the greatest public wellness challenges and an extra figure exist in the developed universe, where focal point has shifted to face new epidemics of sick wellness ensuing from, for case drug maltreatment, fleshiness and smoke. The key to turn toing these wellness issues, both in development and developed states, lies with the preparation of competent public wellness specializer ; this undertaking lies chiefly with SOPH. ( 3 ) With the apparent importance of public wellness, the preparation of public wellness professionals plays an indispensable function in undertaking these jobs, as it lays the foundation for the hereafter of this sector. Selection is an built-in portion of any preparation programme and its importance can non be overemphasized. It can be described as the first one of the most of import stairss in the bringing of effectual population based wellness attention in this context. The class constructions of most MPH programmes were traditionally centred on capable countries such as ; epidemiology, wellness policy, wellness publicity, wellness direction, environmental wellness, human biological science and wellness economic sciences. ( 5-7 ) Presently nevertheless, the range has been expanded to include topics affecting statistical analysis and the usage of computing machine programmes ; the ability to entree, manage and work with information ; the ability to show and circulate information in an effectual mode ; interview and communicating accomplishments ; sensitiveness to wellness inequalities and societal accomplishments. ( 7 ) Most SOPH in the United Kingdom are organized around the subjects of capacity edifice, multidisciplinary, balanced instruction and research. Information is dissipated in traditional category room scene, either as full-time 12 month programmes, or as portion clip 24-60 months programmes. ( 8 ) Certain SOPH have adopted more advanced agencies of instruction bringing, choosing for electronic agencies for proviso of distance acquisition.1.2 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESInstitutions of larning concerned with educating pupils in the rules of public wellness started emerging in the early portion of the 20th century. The first of its sort was formed in 1916, when the Rockefeller foundation funded the gift of John Hopkins University in the United States. This establishment differed in its proficient attack to public wellness contrasting with the more societal and environmental attack adopted by Charles Edward Winslow at Yale University. ( 3 ) In line with the Rockefeller foundation ‘s aims of developing the scientific discipline of public wellness, it went in front to fund the constitution of legion SOPH within the United States and internationally. Its first international legacy was in the UK, where in 1922, it sponsored the formation of the public wellness section in the London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( LSHTM ) . However, shortly after the Second World War, the Rockefeller foundation shifted its focal point to other precedences. Despite this, there was still an addition in the figure of SOPH, with the World Health Organization join forcesing with National authoritiess specifically to develop and educate public wellness professionals from 1948. These attempts have seen the constitution of about 357 SOPH in 54 states as at 2006. ( 3 )1.3 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM:An cyberspace based hunt of the universities in the UK offering different signifiers of public wellness at station alu mnus degree revealed about 70 eight of such establishments. However, there are differences in the quality and focal point of public wellness research offered by these establishments. These differences were highlighted after the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE ) , which identified the figure of research active staff and conducted a peer appraisal of the quality of research within different universities. ( 9 ) Another important difference in UK SOPH is the appellation between programmes offering a Masters in public Health ( MPH ) and an MSc in public wellness as differentiated by establishments established before and after 1992. Evans ( 2009 ) identified ‘pre-1992 ‘ universities as establishments that offer intensive classs and are staffed by internationally recognized research workers and have programmes normally labelled as ‘Masters in Public wellness ‘ ( MPH ) . The ‘post-1992 ‘ universities are largely former engineering schools that run largely parttime classs and frequently have less internationally celebrated staff labelling their programme as ‘MSc in Public Health ‘ . MPH programme are by and large considered superior to most MSc Public wellness programmes for these grounds. However the full clip MSc public wellness programme the London School of Hygiene and Tropical medical specialty ( LSTHM ) is internationally celebrated and stands as an exclusion to the facts stated above. ( 3 ) Over the last two decennaries, there have been important additions in the figure of postgraduate public wellness classs, particularly in new universities. These classs normally have a wider focal point reflecting the more societal facets of public wellness coupled with an admittance of pupils with multidisciplinary backgrounds. It was n't until 1992 that the LSTHM opened its public wellness grade to pupils with first grades other than medical specialty. It took a twosome of more old ages until the Faculty of Public wellness admitted non-medical alumnuss into its preparation programme in the twelvemonth 2000. ( 10 ) One major challenge of SOPH in the UK has been the issue of equilibrating research with learning. Schools that have really low RAE ranking will more likely lose support. Besides, the focal point on research is driven by the desire for equal reviewed publications as a step of the grade of academic success. This tendency has resulted in the prioritization of research over learning for most establishments of public wellness. However, there has been a nexus between the National Health Service and some SOPH, where the MPH class forms the first twelvemonth of public wellness specializer preparation programme which runs for 5 old ages. This agreement it has been argued will likely assist equilibrate research and instruction. ( 3,6 )1.4 THE PROCESS OF SELECTION:The United Kingdom is home to some of the most reputable acquisition establishments in the universe and as such attracts a diverse group of persons every twelvemonth, who come in hunt of quality cognition. The standards used for pupil choice into a Masters Degree programme in Public Health in has important deduction on future quality of the public wellness sector in the UK, and so the universe sing the big inflow of foreign pupils seeking quality instruction in public wellness. ( 11 ) Student choice is normally based chiefly on academic background/achievements. However, in recent old ages, the standard has been widened to include other factors like single attitudes, involvements, and personal features desired ends and work experience. Selection policies based on the traditional academic ability are fast melting out for a figure of grounds. One ground is the deficiency of grounds demoing a correlativity between old academic public presentation and subsequent success in wellness professional courses/practice. ( 12 ) The purpose of any choice procedure is to choose persons who best tantrum certain defined standards. Therefore an indispensable portion of this procedure is the definition of one or more standard by which appliers can be judged. This measure is highly of import, as SOPH are expected to take and develop future public wellness practicians who will be equipped with the needed accomplishments expected to turn to the challenges of this demanding profession. ( 11 ) Until late in the United Kingdom, developing under the Faculty of Public wellness was unfastened to merely medical practician and as a consequence, handiness of infinites on medically oriented public wellness programmes for non-medical appliers were limited. However, in 2000, the module rank was opened to non-medical alumnuss. Despite this alteration, there has been a diminution in module rank. However, these happenings has prompted inquiries about the accomplishments required to be competent public wellness practicians and if it was necessary to hold a medical grade before analyzing public wellness. ( 13 )1.5 Rationale:The thought for this undertaking was conceived by Dr Tom Marshall ( 14 ) after it was observed that admittances into the University of Birmingham ‘s MPH classs had increased significantly following the debut of an on-line choice test, as a pre-requisite for entry in March 2009. ( 15 ) Additionally, inquiries generated following a meeting of 12 MPH/MSc programme managers in September 2009 to discourse affairs of common involvement, besides inspired this undertaking.2. LITERATURE REVIEW:This literature reappraisal seeks to place similar work done on the choice standards for pupils meaning to analyze for a Masters grade in Public Health. It will try to place what the current cognition on pupil choice in the UK is, place countries that have already been researched and highlight what aspects may necessitate farther research.2.1 SEARCH STRATEGY:The writer conducted a hunt for articles written in English linguistic communication on the pupil choice standards for postgraduate public wellness instruction. Databases included in the hunt included MEDLINE, ERIC and ISI WEB OF SCIENCE. The electronic footings used entirely or in combination for the hunt included â€Å" Masterss, † â€Å" PUBLIC HEALTH, † â€Å" MPH, † â€Å" MSc, † â€Å" POSTGRADUATE, † â€Å" SELECTION, † and â€Å" CRITERIA † . Search footings combinations were modified utilizing AND/OR and database specific wildcards ( e.g. $ or? ) . The initial hunt provided really limited relevant informations on the topic being researched. Therefore, the undermentioned hunt footings were included ; â€Å" Undergraduate, † and â€Å" MEDICAL SCHOOL. †2.2 MPH AND UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL Training:The Rockefeller Foundation ‘s 1916 one-year study noted that the first SOPH was established to supply a sound footing of scientific cognition for the systematic publicity of populace and personal hygiene and besides set up a well defined calling as an attractive force for trefoils interested in the field of public wellness instead than the clinical pattern of medical specialty. These original aims still play a important function in finding who gets selected to analyze for an MPH. The educational course of study of sections of preventative medical specialty of most medical schools is really similar to that of many SOPH ( 16,17 ) and as a consequence the MPH programme was antecedently unfastened merely to alumnuss of medical schools as it was deemed indispensable to posses a medical grade before analyzing postgraduate public wellness. The turning demand for more health care professionals has seen the incorporation of the MPH course of study into the undergraduate medical preparation strategy. In the United States, a few of such programmes exist including classs at Yale, Tulane and John Hopkins. These medical schools run coincident programmes with next schools of public wellness, such that on graduation, pupils possess both an MD and an MPH. Undoubtedly, there is a strong convergence in the choice of undergraduate medical pupils and postgraduate pupils of the MPH programme. Due to the deficiency of literature on the choice standards for graduate student MPH, the writer decided to reexamine the literature on undergraduate medical pupil choice standards in the United Kingdom.2.3 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE UK:The standards used for choice of undergraduate medical pupils are mostly vague being more of an administrative exercising to fit the figure of appliers to the available infinites on the class utilizing a movable Markss threshold. The consequences are that the greater the figure of appliers that twelvemonth, the higher the threshold grade used for admittance. ( 18 ) However, most medical schools strive to guarantee that the few available places available for medical pupil admittance are unfastened to pupils who will do the best physicians. With the current consciousness that non-academic personal qualities are basically as of import in the pattern of medical specialty as academic ability, many medical schools require appliers to set about entry trials that step other qualities and features in add-on to academic ability. ( 12,19 ) One of such trial is the personal qualities assessment trial ( PQA ) , which is designed to measure verbal, numerical, and spacial logical thinking. It contains a personality stock list and besides has an ethical logical thinking paper. The PQA has added value alongside the A – degrees leting for an nonsubjective appraisal of non-cognitive features of draw a bead oning medical pupils. ( 19 ) Many surveies have been done to measure the qualities of medical pupil which will do them good physicians in the hereafter. ( 19-21 ) A 20 twelvemonth prospective cohort survey was carried out to find whether A- degree classs and intelligence abilities of medical pupils could be used to foretell physician ‘s callings. The survey was carried out on 511 medical pupils who entered West-minister medical school between 1975 and 1982 with follow up to 2002. The result steps assessed were the clip taken to make different calling classs, postgraduate makings obtained, figure of research publications, and steps of emphasis and burnout related to A- degree classs and intelligence at entry to clinical school. The consequences of the survey showed that an A-level class which has peculiar widespread application in UK pupil choice has long-run prognostic value for undergraduate and postgraduate callings. ( 21 ) Parry J et al carried out a reappraisal of the admittance procedure of five medical classs in UK universities. The aims of the survey were to depict the current methods used by medical schools to place prospective medical pupils for admittance to the five twelvemonth grade class. The reappraisal was carried out on a sum of 20 two universities utilizing documental analysis and interviews with admittance coachs. Their findings revealed that there was a common standard for medical pupil admittance, based on academic ability, coupled with a suited personality consisting motive for medical specialty, leading accomplishments, teamwork abilities and extracurricular involvement. The reappraisal concluded that despite the common implicit in standards for medical pupil admittances, universities differed in their application of their demands for pupil choice. ( 22 )Brown and Lilford in their paper titled â€Å" choosing medical pupils † noted that it cost about ?200,000 lbs to develop ea ch medical pupil in the United Kingdom. However, the deductions, fiscal and otherwise of taking the incorrect pupil to develop in the first case are far greater. Three wide attributes that a suited pupil should hold include ; appropriate cognitive ability, diligence and humanity. However, the current choice tools can merely test suitably for cognitive ability. Most medical schools have introduced aptitude trial based largely on cognitive undertakings. There is grounds to demo that the trial correlative well with presymptomatic scrutiny consequences, but have non been a dependable forecaster of clinical public presentation. They besides questioned the truth of psychological as a forecaster of diligence observing the trouble in finding the appropriate mixture of traits that is most prognostic of persevering service and personal patterned advance. They besides noted that although short medical pupil interviews were effectual enlisting tools, they had low prognostic value. ( 23 ) Anothe r survey noted that while most medical schools may wish to choose future physicians with both cognitive and non-cognitive trial, using the usage of interviews was noted to be labour intensive and clip consuming. ( 19 ) Trial of cognitive ability seemed to be the most valid method with the highest predictive.A recent article proposed a comprehensive theoretical account for the choice of medical pupils based on informed ego choice, academic accomplishment, general cognitive ability ( GCA ) and facets of personality and interpersonal accomplishments. They used informations ( n=1000 ) from existent choice processs to show how their proposed theoretical account can be applied to increase the opportunities of doing accurate and defendable pupil choice. ( 24 )2.4 SELECTION PROCESS FOR MPH ADMISSION IN OTHER COUNTRIESThe choice of pupils into the MPH programme in the United States follows a different format than what applies in the UK. In the US, all SOPH and public wellness plans are accre dited by the nationally recognized Council on Education for Public Health ( CEPH ) . Students meaning to use for a graduate student grade in public wellness direct their application through the Schools of Public Health Application Service ( SOPHAS ) . SOPHAS so completes the application to different schools, on behalf of single pupils. Before pupils can subject their application to SOPHAS, they must sit for an entryway scrutiny. Most schools accept the Graduate Record Exam ( GRE ) , although demands may change for some schools. ( 25 ) It is clear from a reappraisal of the literature that the implicit in rules of pupil choice procedure is geared towards placing persons who are most suited to the entry demands which are designed to choose campaigners that are most likely to win in the class. It besides aims to forestall the credence of campaigners that will most likely constitute a hazard to the profession.2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThis undertaking aims to measure how pupils are selected for admittance into a Master ‘s programme by assorted schools of public wellness the United Kingdom. Specific aims will include: To measure the differences in MPH pupil choice procedure used by different Universities. To find the coveted qualities of a suited MPH pupil. To determine if entry demands differ for first twelvemonth public wellness trainees when compared to other pupils To determine if entry demands differ for campaigners with or without medical preparation To analyze the differences in entry demand for place and international pupils To increase our apprehension of why pupils chose certain MPH courses/universities3. Methodology:3.1 STUDY DESIGN:This is an exploratory survey which will affect a qualitative appraisal of MPH class manager ‘s sentiments, followed by a cross-sectional survey of MPH pupil ‘s sentiments.3.1 STUDY Setting:The survey will be carried out in different universities in the United Kingdom which offer a postgraduate public wellness grade class.3.2 STUDY POPULATION:UK universities MPH class managers Miles per hour pupils3.3 STUDY TOOLS:A information extraction signifier used to study university web sitesA semi structured telephone recorded interview with MPH class managers.A structured questionnaire for MPH pupils3.4 Sampling:This will get down with an initial study of web sites of all UK universities offering public wellness at postgraduate degree. Universities offering full clip or portion clip MPH/MSc Public Health and/or wellness publicity and classs under alternate names like Global Health will be selected for inclusion in the survey. Exclusion from the survey will be made on Public wellness classs offered at PHD or MPhil degree and Public wellness classs with rubrics such as Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Practice and Public Health policy. Based on the information collated from the website study, universities will be stratified into groups based on the undermentioned features: SOPH affiliated with medical schools SOPH affiliated with schools of nursing/other allied schools of wellness. Sophomore with long distance preparation programmes SOPH with Health Promotion as a strong component SOPH Involved with Public wellness trainees Subsequently, a graded random trying technique will be used to choose participant universities from each group. If an establishment has more than one of the features used for stratification, it will be included in a group with the least figure of universities. The current mark is aimed at choosing 20 universities for the telephone interview stage of the undertaking.3.4.1 UNIVERSITY SELECTION PROCESS:After informations extraction is complete, each university will be assigned a alone designation ( ID ) figure in the Microsoft Access database. Based on the features outlined above, universities will be stratified into different groups. Each group will so be exported into a separate Microsoft Excel dispersed sheet, with the alone ID figure arranged in columns. Subsequently, each column will be indiscriminately sorted utilizing the random generator tool for Excel. ( 26 ) The university at the top of the list from each group will be chosen for the interview procedure. The selected universit y will be excluded from the list, and the procedure repeated ( choosing and excepting the university at the top of the randomly sorted list each clip ) , until the coveted figure of participants has been reached. If there if any trouble contacting or obtaining consent from a chosen university, the procedure will be repeated to choose a replacing.3.4.2 INTERVIEW OF COURSE DIRECTORS:After stratification and random choice of universities, class managers from chosen SOPH will be contacted via electronic mail, and their consent sought for engagement in a semi-structured telephone recorded interview. Questions asked during the interviews will be structured to run into the declared aims of the undertaking. All interviews will be audio recorded with the consent of the respondents. Each telephone interview is anticipated to last between 30 to 45 proceedingss. Notes will be taken during the interview to supplement the sound taped conversations.3.4.3 MPH STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRES:Structured quest ionnaires with be distributed to MPH pupils from two universities affiliated with medical schools, in add-on to the University of Birmingham SOPH, to measure the pupils sentiments on their pick of MPH programmes. The universities will be chosen from those already selected for interview of the class manager. Questionnaires will be distributed via electronic mail to pupils in selected universities.3.5 JUSTIFICATION OF APPROACHThe survey will be executed by blending method, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative attacks. Qualitative methods are suited to for this undertaking as it provides the model for understanding the contexts of societal experience and enhances our capacity for societal account and generalisation. ( 27 ) It besides allows for the incorporation of professional positions, in this survey, those of different MPH class managers. Furthermore, this research method centres strongly on inductive logical thinking when construing informations and normally consequences in findings that were wholly unexpected. ( 28 ) Telephone interviews have been mostly neglected as a qualitative tool by many research workers who prefer face to confront interview. They argue that the deficiency of ocular cues, loss of non verbal informations and trouble set uping rapport brand s telephone interviews less attractive as a information aggregation method. However, it is easier for sensitive information to be disclosed as respondents feel more relaxed. There is besides no grounds demoing that telephone interviews produce lower quality informations than face to confront interviews. ( 29 ) This method is besides rather utile for this undertaking as it is easier to schedule and cheaper, sing the geographical distribution of participant SOPH. Quantitative methods will be used to supplement qualitative methods in this survey, since it has been argued that the logic of qualitative thought can be extended with qualitative methods. ( 27 )3.6 Analytic Method:This will be done utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Data analyses will get down instantly after informations extraction from surveyed university websites. This will be done utilizing basic descriptive statistics and comparative analyses where necessary. The semi-structured telephone interviews will be reviewed and reported in a structured format foregrounding repeating subjects which will be coded and analysed utilizing a thematic model. Structured pupil questionnaires will be analysed utilizing basic descriptive statistics, rank correlativity and thematic analysis. Statistical bundles which will help in informations managing and analysis include Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel and NVivo.3.7 Anticipated Problem:The most hard facet of this undertaking is the country of informations aggregation. The study of university web sites has been really disputing so far with tonss of trouble originating from screening out of import information from different university web sites. The writer anticipates that another major jobs associated with informations aggregation will be acquiring consent from MPH class managers for telephone interviews, sing their highly busy agenda. There is besides the issue of holding adequate clip to roll up, collate and adequately analyse informations generated for this undertaking. The job with the usage of pupil questionnaires is the issue of non-responders ( response rate possibly every bit low as 20 % ) . This could be addressed by utilizing on-line study tools e.g. study monkey and directing reminders to non-responders. Data analysis will necessitate some expertness in operating package bundles like Access, Excel an Nvivo. The writer has registered for and attended classs on these package bundles organized by the University of Birmingham IT-services section.3.8 ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMETABLE:The university web site study has reached an advanced phase and will be completed before the terminal of March 2010. Stratification of universities based on the standards outlined above has commenced and will be complete at about the same clip website informations extraction is completed. Subsequent choice of participant universities will be done in April 2010. It is expected that consent from take parting class managers will be received before the terminal of the April, and telephone interviews can be scheduled for May 2010. Data analysis will get down at the same time with the interviews and is expected to run through the month of June 2010. Design of pupil ‘s questionnaires is about complete. Its construction will be refined in April 2010 and distributed by the terminal of the month. Responses should be received during the moth of May 2010. Analysis of pupil questionnaires should get down in June 2010. Compilation of consequences and treatments will be done in July 2010 in readying for concluding entry in August 2010.